EXPLANATION DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

A.     DEFINITION

Dengue hemorrhagic fever are acute febrile disease  with occur in the  tropics . caused  by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden on set that usually follows a benign caurse with headache , fever, exhaustion ,severe joint and muscle pain , swollen glands (lymphandenophaty) and rash. The presence of fever, rash and headache is particulary characteristic of dengue.

Dengue strikes people with low levels of immunity. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus , it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However an attack of  dengue produces immunity for life time to that particular serotypes which the patient was exposed.

B.     CAUSED

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is caused by the bite of female aedes mosquitoes. The mosquito transmits the disease by biting and infected person and than biting some one else. Infected person can’t spread the infection to other person. Dengue virus is not contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. There must be a person to musqueto to-another-person pathaway. Four different dengue viruses are known to cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs when a person cathes a different type dengue, virus after being infected by another one sometimes before. Prior immunity to different dengue virus type plays an important role in this severe disease.

C.      SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

After being bitten by a mosquinto carrying the virus. The incubation period range from 3 to 15 (usually 5 to 8) days before the signs and symstoms of dengue appear. Dengue starts with chills , headache , pain upon moving the eyes, and low backache. Painful aching in the legs and joints occur during the first hour of illness. The temperature rises quickly as high as 104’f (40’c) , with relative low heart rate (bradycardia) and low blood pressure (hypotension). The eyes before reddened a flushing or pale pink rash comes over the face and then disappears. The glands (lymphnodes)in the neck and groin are often swollen. Fever and other signs of dengue last for 2 to 4 days , followed by rapid drop in temperature (defervecence) with profuse sweating. This presedes a period with normal temperature and a sense of well-being that last about a day. A second rapid rise in temperature follows, a characteristic rash appears, along with the fever and spreads from the extremities to cover the entire body except the face. The palms and soles maybe bringht red and swollen.

D.     EFFECT

Dengue hemorrhagic fever caused shock. Shock may caused death. But not all dengue does not result in death. Fatal in less than 5% of cases and mostly common children and young adults. The acute phase of illness with fever and myalgias last about 1 to 2 weeks. Accompanied by a feeling of weakness and full recovery often takes several weeks.

E.      ENVIRONMENT

Dengue is most common in cities but can be found in rural areas. Rapid growth of cities in tropical contries  has led to over crowding, urban decay and substandard sanitation, allowing more mosquitoes to live closes to more people. The mosquitoes that transmits dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pot, old oil drums and water storage continers close to human dwellings. The increase in non biodegradable plastic packaging and discarded tires is creating new breeding sites for mosquitoes. The dirty environment is common creating breading sites for mosquitoes. So people must kept the healthy environment to helping people from bitting of dengue mosquito.

F.      MEDIATOR

The mediators of dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by for closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviredea. The virus is contracted from the bite of striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person.

G.     PREVENTED

Prevetion centres on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue accurs. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites in these areas in another key prevention measure.

Avoid mosquito bites :

1)     Use mosquito repellent on skin and clothing.

2)     When outdoors during times that mosquitoes are bitting wear long sleeved shirts and long pants.

3)     Avoid heavly populated residential areas.

4)     When indoors, stay in air conditioned or screned areas.

5)     Use bednets if sleeping areas are not screened or air conditioned.

Eliminate mosquito breeding sites in areas where dengue might occure :

1)     Eliminate mosquito breeding sites around homes.

2)     Discard items that can collect rain or run of water, especially old tires.

3)     Regulary change the water in out door bird baths and pet and animal water containers.

H.    TREATMEN

Because dengue hemorrhagic fever was caused by a virus. There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue the treatment is only concerned with relief of the symptomps. “aspirin” and “nonsteroidal anti-imflamatory” drugs should be avoided “acetaminophen (Tylenol)” and “codeine” may be given for severe headache and for joint and muscle pain (myalgia). Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. Patient with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of other. Some patient need transfusion of fresh blood or platelets to control bleeding problems. Intravenous fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolyte. Imbalance oxygen therapy may be needed to treat abnormally low blood oxygen. Rehydration with intravenous fluids is often necessary to treat dehidration. Supportive care in an intensive care unit.

I.       CONCULUSION

Dengue hemorrhagic fever are acute febril disease with occur in the tropic are. It caused by for closely related virus serotypes or genus Flaviviorus, family Flaviviredea. Spread by biting famele Aedes aegypty mosquito. Dengue virus is not contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. Dengue strikes people with low levels of immunity. Is mostly common children and young adults. Dengue goes by other name including ”breakbone” or dandy fever. It is can dianosed by a blood test. Dengue fever start sunddely with high fever (40’ C), resh, severe headache, pain behind the eyes and muscle and join pain. But after several days the patient become irritable, restless and sweaty, these symptoms are followed by a shock-like state. Bleeding may appear as tiny spots of blood on the skin (patechiae) and larges pathes of blood under the skin (ecchymoses). Minor injures may causes bleeding. Shock May causes death. If the patient survives , recovery begins after a one day crisis period.

Because dengue is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. The treadment is purely conserned with relied of the symptos. Person with dengue fiver should rest and drink plenty fluids. They shoult be kept away from mosquito for the protection of other. Intravenous fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolytes imbalance. Oxygen therapy may be needed to tread abnormally low blood oxygen. Supportive care in an intensive care. There is no vaccine available to prevent dengue fever. Use personal protection such as fuul coverage cloting, netting, mosquito repllent containing deet , and if possible travel during period of minimal mosquito activity. Mosquito abatement programs can also reduce the risk of infection eliminating mosquito breeding sites in theres areas in another key prevention measure.