A.
DEFINITION
Dengue
hemorrhagic fever are acute febrile disease
with occur in the tropics .
caused by a family of viruses that are
transmitted by mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden on set that usually
follows a benign caurse with headache , fever, exhaustion ,severe joint and
muscle pain , swollen glands (lymphandenophaty) and rash. The presence of
fever, rash and headache is particulary characteristic of dengue.
Dengue
strikes people with low levels of immunity. Because it is caused by one of four
serotypes of virus , it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However
an attack of dengue produces immunity
for life time to that particular serotypes which the patient was exposed.
B.
CAUSED
Dengue hemorrhagic
fever is caused by the bite of female aedes mosquitoes. The mosquito transmits
the disease by biting and infected person and than biting some one else.
Infected person can’t spread the infection to other person. Dengue virus is not
contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. There must be a
person to musqueto to-another-person pathaway. Four different dengue viruses
are known to cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs
when a person cathes a different type dengue, virus after being infected by
another one sometimes before. Prior immunity to different dengue virus type
plays an important role in this severe disease.
C.
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
After being
bitten by a mosquinto carrying the virus. The incubation period range from 3 to
15 (usually 5 to 8) days before the signs and symstoms of dengue appear. Dengue
starts with chills , headache , pain upon moving the eyes, and low backache.
Painful aching in the legs and joints occur during the first hour of illness. The
temperature rises quickly as high as 104’f (40’c) , with relative low heart
rate (bradycardia) and low blood pressure (hypotension). The eyes before
reddened a flushing or pale pink rash comes over the face and then disappears.
The glands (lymphnodes)in the neck and groin are often swollen. Fever and other
signs of dengue last for 2 to 4 days , followed by rapid drop in temperature (defervecence)
with profuse sweating. This presedes a period with normal temperature and a
sense of well-being that last about a day. A second rapid rise in temperature
follows, a characteristic rash appears, along with the fever and spreads from
the extremities to cover the entire body except the face. The palms and soles
maybe bringht red and swollen.
D.
EFFECT
Dengue
hemorrhagic fever caused shock. Shock may caused death. But not all dengue does
not result in death. Fatal in less than 5% of cases and mostly common children
and young adults. The acute phase of illness with fever and myalgias last about
1 to 2 weeks. Accompanied by a feeling of weakness and full recovery often
takes several weeks.
E.
ENVIRONMENT
Dengue is
most common in cities but can be found in rural areas. Rapid growth of cities
in tropical contries has led to over
crowding, urban decay and substandard sanitation, allowing more mosquitoes to
live closes to more people. The mosquitoes that transmits dengue live among
humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pot, old oil drums and water
storage continers close to human dwellings. The increase in non biodegradable
plastic packaging and discarded tires is creating new breeding sites for
mosquitoes. The dirty environment is common creating breading sites for
mosquitoes. So people must kept the healthy environment to helping people from
bitting of dengue mosquito.
F.
MEDIATOR
The
mediators of dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by for closely related virus
serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviredea. The virus is contracted
from the bite of striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an
infected person.
G.
PREVENTED
Prevetion
centres on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue accurs.
Eliminating mosquito breeding sites in these areas in another key prevention
measure.
Avoid
mosquito bites :
1) Use mosquito
repellent on skin and clothing.
2) When
outdoors during times that mosquitoes are bitting wear long sleeved shirts and
long pants.
3) Avoid heavly
populated residential areas.
4) When
indoors, stay in air conditioned or screned areas.
5) Use bednets
if sleeping areas are not screened or air conditioned.
Eliminate
mosquito breeding sites in areas where dengue might occure :
1) Eliminate
mosquito breeding sites around homes.
2) Discard
items that can collect rain or run of water, especially old tires.
3) Regulary
change the water in out door bird baths and pet and animal water containers.
H.
TREATMEN
Because
dengue hemorrhagic fever was caused by a virus. There is no specific medicine
or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue the treatment is only concerned
with relief of the symptomps. “aspirin” and “nonsteroidal anti-imflamatory”
drugs should be avoided “acetaminophen (Tylenol)” and “codeine” may be given
for severe headache and for joint and muscle pain (myalgia). Dengue hemorrhagic
fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. Patient with dengue fever should
rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for
the protection of other. Some patient need transfusion of fresh blood or
platelets to control bleeding problems. Intravenous fluids and electrolytes are
also used to correct electrolyte. Imbalance oxygen therapy may be needed to
treat abnormally low blood oxygen. Rehydration with intravenous fluids is often
necessary to treat dehidration. Supportive care in an intensive care unit.
I.
CONCULUSION
Dengue
hemorrhagic fever are acute febril disease with occur in the tropic are. It
caused by for closely related virus serotypes or genus Flaviviorus, family
Flaviviredea. Spread by biting famele Aedes aegypty mosquito. Dengue virus is
not contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. Dengue
strikes people with low levels of immunity. Is mostly common children and young
adults. Dengue goes by other name including ”breakbone” or dandy fever. It is
can dianosed by a blood test. Dengue fever start sunddely with high fever (40’
C), resh, severe headache, pain behind the eyes and muscle and join pain. But
after several days the patient become irritable, restless and sweaty, these
symptoms are followed by a shock-like state. Bleeding may appear as tiny spots
of blood on the skin (patechiae) and larges pathes of blood under the skin
(ecchymoses). Minor injures may causes bleeding. Shock May causes death. If the
patient survives , recovery begins after a one day crisis period.
Because
dengue is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to
treat it. The treadment is purely conserned with relied of the symptos. Person
with dengue fiver should rest and drink plenty fluids. They shoult be kept away
from mosquito for the protection of other. Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
are also used to correct electrolytes imbalance. Oxygen therapy may be needed
to tread abnormally low blood oxygen. Supportive care in an intensive care. There
is no vaccine available to prevent dengue fever. Use personal protection such
as fuul coverage cloting, netting, mosquito repllent containing deet , and if
possible travel during period of minimal mosquito activity. Mosquito abatement
programs can also reduce the risk of infection eliminating mosquito breeding
sites in theres areas in another key prevention measure.